THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS SERVICES
C3S Thermogravimetric Analysis / X Ray Diffraction Analysis Services
Thermogravimetric Analysis
X Ray Diffraction Analysis
X-ray diffraction Analysis and Thermogravimetric Analysis are some of the newest tools. Thanks to our expertise and experience we eliminate all guesswork in the event failure occurs. We use innovative forensic techniques to accurately determine the cause of the problem.
We deliver results based on investigation, testing, and analysis. We compile and report all our findings succinctly and comprehensively.
Thermogravimetric Analysis
TGA is an analytical technique used to determine a materialโs thermal stability and its fraction of volatile components by monitoring the weight change that occurs as a sample is heated at a constant rate. TGA measures weight changes in a material as a function of temperature (or time) under a controlled atmosphere. Its principal uses include the measurement of a materialโs thermal stability and composition.
Thermogravimetric Analysis instruments are routinely used in all phases of research, quality control and production operations.
Analysis Conditions:
SEIKO SSC/5200 TG/DTA 220 Thermal Analysis Station
TGA operating parameters: ceramic pans, ~ 50mg
Working gas: Argon
Temperature program: 300 to 10000C at 100C/min.
Sample Project
TGA was performed on the two grout samples from Drums 2 & 4. An overlay of the TGA profiles for both samples is provided as shown below. Drum 2 shows a total mass loss of 0 to ~9200 C
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
New to forensic evaluation, XRD analysis is a unique method in the determination of crystalline materials such as calcium hydroxide ettringite and others. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is an analytical technique used to determine a materialโs thermal stability and its fraction of volatile components by monitoring the weight change that occurs as a sample is heated at a constant rate. XRD is primarily used for identifying crystalline material in investigative work in cement pastes and limestones in concrete. It is also widely used in several branches of science for similar applications.
A typical diffraction pattern for three types of hydrated cement paste gives the results in the chart to the right:
Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Analysis
EDX is a sophisticated analytical technique widely utilized in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the elemental composition of various materials. By focusing an electron beam on the sample, EDX analyzes the emitted X-ray spectrum to identify and quantify the elements present. Each element in the sample emits X-rays at unique energy levels, allowing for precise identification. This method is particularly valued for its ability to provide rapid, localized chemical characterization with minimal sample preparation. It is a key tool in fields such as materials science, electronics, geology, and forensics, providing critical insights into the composition and properties of materials.
Applications and Advantages of TGA, XRD, and EDX Analyses
Comprehensive Material Characterization
TGA, XRD, and EDX are essential tools for evaluating the composition and structural integrity of concrete. These analyses provide insights into the hydration levels, phase composition, and elemental makeup of concrete, which are critical for assessing its strength and durability.
Detecting and Understanding Degradation Processes
These techniques collectively help identify degradation processes such as carbonation, alkali-silica reaction (ASR), and sulfate attack. Understanding these processes is crucial for predicting the longevity of concrete structures and implementing preventive measures.
Quality Control and Compliance Testing
In the production and curing phases, TGA, XRD, and EDX serve as valuable methods for quality control, ensuring that the concrete meets specified standards. They help verify the purity of raw materials, such as cement and aggregates, and check for the presence of potentially harmful impurities.
Optimization of Concrete Mixtures
Utilizing TGA, XRD, and EDX in research and development allows for the optimization of concrete mix designs. This includes adjusting the types and amounts of additives used, such as fly ash or slag, to improve performance characteristics like increased resistance to environmental stressors and enhanced mechanical properties.
Why These Methods Are Preferred
Comprehensive Material Characterization
TGA, XRD, and EDX are essential tools for evaluating the composition and structural integrity of concrete. These analyses provide insights into the hydration levels, phase composition, and elemental makeup of concrete, which are critical for assessing its strength and durability.
Detecting and Understanding Degradation Processes
These techniques collectively help identify degradation processes such as carbonation, alkali-silica reaction (ASR), and sulfate attack. Understanding these processes is crucial for predicting the longevity of concrete structures and implementing preventive measures.
Quality Control and Compliance Testing
In the production and curing phases, TGA, XRD, and EDX serve as valuable methods for quality control, ensuring that the concrete meets specified standards. They help verify the purity of raw materials, such as cement and aggregates, and check for the presence of potentially harmful impurities.
Optimization of Concrete Mixtures
Utilizing TGA, XRD, and EDX in research and development allows for the optimization of concrete mix designs. This includes adjusting the types and amounts of additives used, such as fly ash or slag, to improve performance characteristics like increased resistance to environmental stressors and enhanced mechanical properties.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary use of Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)?
TGA is primarily used to measure the thermal stability and composition of materials by observing the weight changes that occur as the material is heated in a controlled environment. This technique is crucial in industries like plastics, pharmaceuticals, and materials engineering to understand material degradation and composition.
What types of samples are best analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD)?
XRD is best suited for analyzing crystalline materials to determine their crystal structure and phase composition. This technique is widely used in geology for mineral identification, in materials science for characterizing metals and ceramics, and in pharmaceuticals for studying drug formulations.
How does energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis enhance the capabilities of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?
EDX provides elemental analysis capabilities to the imaging power of SEM. By detecting X-rays emitted from a sample during SEM analysis, EDX can identify and quantify the elemental composition of the analyzed area, offering a comprehensive view of both the structural and chemical characteristics of the sample.
Can TGA and XRD data be used together to better understand material properties?
Yes, combining TGA and XRD data can provide a more comprehensive understanding of a material’s properties. TGA reveals changes in material composition and stability under heat, while XRD provides insight into phase transitions and structural changes. Together, they can give a detailed picture of material behavior under various conditions.
Are there any sample size limitations for EDX, TGA, or XRD analyses?
Each technique has its sample size requirements. EDX can analyze very small areas (micron scale) when combined with SEM. TGA typically requires a few milligrams to tens of milligrams of a sample, depending on the analysis precision needed. XRD can work with small samples but needs enough material to cover the X-ray beam and ensure adequate diffraction, usually a few millimeters in diameter.
C3S IS A GLOBAL LEADER IN CONCRETE EVALUATION
We provide quality services that our customers have come to expect.
Consulting Engineers
Concrete Experts
"C3S, Inc. is a concrete consulting firm dedicated to providing full scale services to civil, A/E firms, government entities, testing laboratories, property managers and owners, and other agencies dealing with projects related to concrete.
With its immense expertise, C3S. Inc. has been successfully serving clients in U.S and worldwide markets for over 30 years. "
CONTACT INFORMATION
C3S, Inc.
7100 Regency Square Blvd.
Suite 183
Houston, TX 77036
Office Hours
Mon-Fri:ย 8 AM - 5 PM
Sat-Sun: Closed
- ๏Slab Thickness
- ๏Concrete Cover and Rebar Location
- ๏Voids โ Location and Extents
- ๏Pre Stressing Strands (PT Cables)
- ๏Conduits